วันพุธที่ 25 กุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2552

ความต่างของ Will กับ Would

ความแตกต่างของ Will กับ Would

I'll help you pack when you're ready to go. (I'll help. I promise to help. I have the firm intention of helping. No particular preconditions need to be fulfilled.)
ฉันจะช่วยให้คุณแพ็คของเมื่อคุณพร้อมที่จะไป
(เหตุการณ์นี้เงื่อนไขไม่แน่นอนเสมอไปเพราะอาจจะช่วยแพ็คของแม้ยังไม่พร้อม)

I would help you pack if you paid me $100. (I don't help except when the condition of payment is met. No true promise is made.)
ฉันจะแพ็คของให้คุณถ้าคุณชำระเงินให้ฉัน $ 100
(เหตุการณ์นี้เป็นเงื่อนไขที่ชัดเจนตายตัวถ้าไม่ชำระเงินก็จะไม่มีการแพ็คของให้)

คำศัพท์การสมัครวาน

คำศัพท์
advertise การลงโฆษณา
vacancy ตำแหน่งว่าง
classified โฆษณาย่อย
apply สมัครงาน
applition การสมัครงาน
salary เงินเดือน
recruit การรับพนักงานใหม่
interview สัมภาษณ์
resume ประวัติส่วนตัว

Programming Languages

ภาษาที่ใช้ในการเขียนและพัฒนาโปรแกรมในปัจจุบันมีตัวหลักๆ ดังนี้

กลุ่ม Procedural languages - BASIC - C - COBOL - FORTRAN - PASCAL

กลุ่ม Object-oriented languages - Smalltalk - AVA - C++ - Python -

กลุ่ม Visual programming - Visual Basic - Visual FoxPro - Visual C++

กลุ่ม Internet Programming - HTML - XML - VRML - Java - ActiveX
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คำศัพท์สำหรับ computer

คำศัพท์
attempt (อะเทมพฺทฺ') Vt. พยายาม
client (ไคลเอ็นท์) n. คือ เครื่องลูกข่าย
spreadsheet (สเพรดชีท) n. คือ โปรแกรมที่ใช้ในการคำนวณ ใช้ในการประมวลผลโดยซอฟท์แวร์ชนิดนี้ใช้ได้ทั้งข้อมูลที่เป็นตัวเลข และตัวอักษร
error (ซิส'เทิม เออร์'เรอะ) n. เป็นความผิดพลาดที่เกิดขึ้นในระบบ อาจมีหลายสาเหตุ เช่น ความเสียหายของไฟล์ที่เกิดจากไฟดับ
syntax error (ซิน'แทคซฺ เออร์'เรอะ) n. คือ การเขียนคำสั่งไม่ถูกต้องตามหลักการเขียนไวยากรณ์ของโปรแกรมของภาษานั้น ๆ หากพบข้อผิดพลาดโปรแกรมจะไม่สามารถทำงานได้ เพราะไม่สามารถแปลงคำสั่งได้
logic error (ลอจ'จิค เออร์'เรอะ) n. เป็นข้อผิดพลาดทางตรรกะ โปรแกรมสามารถทำงานได้้แต่ผลลัพธ์อาจไม่ถูกต้อง ตามความต้องการ ซึ่งข้อผิดพลาดรูปแบบนี้ไม่สามารถตรวจพบจากการแปลงโปรแกรมดังนัั้นผู้้พัฒนาโปรแกรมต้้องใส่ใ่ใจกับการเขียนผังงาน
compatibility (คัมพาทธิบิลลิธิ่) n. ความสามารถในการทำงานของอุปกรณ์หรือโปรแกรมที่สามารถเทียบแทนกันได้
element (เอลอิเม็น) n. ธาตุ,องค์ประกอบ
field (ฟีลด) n. การเก็บข้อมูลลงฐานข้อมูลโดยแบ่งแยกเป็นส่วนๆที่เรียกว่าฟิลด์
optimize (ออพติไมซ) v. ใช้ให้เหมาะสม
(โอเวอรอล) n. ทั้ง
performance (เพอะฟอแม็นซ) n. สมรรถนะ
plug and play (พลักแอนเพลย) n. การต่ออุปกรณ์เข้าในคอมพิวเตอร์ได้โดยระบบรับรู้และใช้งานได้อย่างอัตโนมัติ
beta software (เบเดอซอฟทแว) n. โปรแกรมใช้งานรุนทดลองเป็นรุ่นที่ 2 ต่อจากรุ่นอัลฟา
(บายไดเร็คชั่นนอล) n. การรับส่งสัญญาณที่มีลักษณะรับและส่งได้ในเวลาเดียวกัน
bluetooth (บลูทูธ) n. เป็นข้อกำหนดสำหรับอุตสาหกรรมเครือข่ายแบบไร้สายระยะใกล้
cache (แคช) n. หน่วยความจำพิเศษสำหรับเก็บคำสั่งและข้อมูลคอมพิวเตอร์
(คาทริจ) n. ปลอกห่อหุ้ม
conficuration (คอนฟิกคูเรชั่น) v. กำหนดค่าการติดตั้ง
damage (แดมอิจ) n. ความเสียหาย
debug (ดิบัค) n. ตัวค้นหาความผิดพลาดของโปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์
detect (ดิเท้คท) v. ตรวจหา
disadvantage (ดิแซ็ดฝานทิจ) n. ข้อเสีย
flowchart (โฟลวชารท) n. ผังการทำงานของโปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์

homework

HomeWork Unit14 Task 7-9
Task 7
1) Finding with the latest news on your favorite team is easy on the Web.
2) One of the most useful features of the Internet is sending and receiving email.
3) The grandfather, father, son, method is one way of keep upping your documents.
4) Fiber-optic cable can be used for linking computers in a network.
) Search engines are ways of finding information on the Web.
6) Using a keyboard is the commonest way of entering data into a computer.
7) Sending audio and video attachment is possible with email.
8) Becoming a programmer means learning a number of programming languages.
9) The White Pages are for back upping email addresses.
10) Selecting an option in a menu is easy with a mouse.
Task 8
1.) How do you find a website? By using the search engine.
2.) How do you select an option on a menu? By pressing a mouse.
3.) How do you move rapidly through a document? By pressing the Page up and Page down key. 4.) How do you return to your starting page on the web? By pressing a Home key.
5.) How do you store favourites sites? By using a favorite menu.
6.) How do you share ideas with other Internet users on a subject you’re interested in? By using www.blogger.com.
7.) How do you increase the speed of your computer? By updating the program Windows.
8.) How do you send voice and text messages to other Internet users? By using email.
9.) How do you end a search on the Web? By using close program Internet Explorer.
10.) How do you move the cursor round the screen? By using a mouse.
Task 9
1) the latest scientific developments h) http://www.newscientist.com/
2) caring for your cat f) http://www.petcat.co.uk/
3) calculating your tax g) http://www.moneyworld.co.uk/
4) new cars d) http://www.carlounge.com/
5) advertising on the Web a) http://www.admarket.com/
6) books on sport i) http://www.thebookplace.com/
7) sending a virtual greetings cards c) http://www.buildacard.com/
8) economic data on Bulgaria j) http://www.worldbank.org/
9) your horoscope b) www.bubble.com/webstars/
10) ski condition in Europe e) www.encenter.com/ski/

วันอังคารที่ 17 กุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2552

Contrast คือค่าความเข้มของภาพ

Contrast is the dissimilarity or difference between things:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Contrast (linguistics), expressing distinctions between words
In linguistics and semantics contrast is a relationship between two discourse segments. Contrast is often overtly marked by contrastive markers like but or however, such as in the following examples:
1.It's raining, but I am taking an umbrella.
2.We will be giving a party for our new students. We won't, however, be serving drinks.
In (1) the first clause, It's raining implies that the speaker will get wet, while the second clause I am taking an umbrella implies that the speaker will not get wet. Both clauses (or discourse segments) refer to related situations, or themes, yet imply a contradiction. It is this relationship of comparing something similar, yet different, that is believed to be typical of contrastive relations. The same type of relationship is shown in (2), where the first sentence can be interpreted as implying that by giving a party for the new students, the hosts will serve drinks. This is of course a defeasible inference based on world knowledge, that is then contradicted in the following sentence.
The majority of the work on contrast and contrastive relations in
semantics has concentrated on characterizing exactly what semantic relationships can give rise to contrast. Much early work in semantics also concentrated on identifying what distinguished clauses joined by and from clauses joined by but.
In discourse theory, and computational discourse, contrast is a major discourse relation, on par with relationship like explanation or narration, and work has concentrated on trying to identify contrast in naturally produced texts, especially in cases where the contrast is not explicitly marked.

Contrast (vision), the difference in color and light between parts of an image.
Contrast is the difference in visual properties that makes an object (or its representation in an image) distinguishable from other objects and the background. In visual perception of the real world, contrast is determined by the difference in the color and brightness of the object and other objects within the same field of view. Because the human visual system is more sensitive to contrast than absolute luminance, we can perceive the world similarly regardless of the huge changes in illumination over the day or from place to place.
The human
contrast sensitivity function shows a typical band-pass shape peaking at around 4 cycles per degree with sensitivity dropping off either side of the peak.[1] This tells us that the human visual system is able to detect gratings of 4 cycles per degree at a lower contrast than at any other spatial frequency.
The high-frequency cut-off represents the
optical limitations of the visual system's ability to resolve detail and is typically about 60 cycles per degree. The high-frequency cut-off is related to the packing density of the retinal photoreceptor cells: a finer matrix can resolve finer gratings.
The low frequency drop-off is due to
lateral inhibition within the retinal ganglion cells. A typical retinal ganglion cell presents a centre region with either excitation or inhibition and a surround region with the opposite sign. By using coarse gratings, the bright bands fall on the inhibitory as well as the excitatory region of the ganglion cell resulting in lateral inhibition and account for the low-frequency drop-off of the human contrast sensitivity function.
One experimental phenomenon is the inhibition of blue in the periphery if blue light is displayed against white, leading to a yellow surrounding. The yellow is derived from the inhibition of blue on the surroundings by the center. Since white minus blue is red and green, this mixes to become yellow.
[2]
For example, in the case of graphical computer displays, contrast depends on the properties of the picture source or file and the properties of the computer display, including its variable settings. For some screens the angle between the screen surface and the observer's line of sight is also important.
Contrast is also the difference between the color or shading of the printed material on a document and the background on which it is printed, for example in
optical character recognition.

Contrast (statistics)
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In statistics, particularly analysis of variance, a contrast is a linear combination of two or more factor level means (averages) whose coefficients add up to zero.[1][2] A simple contrast is the difference between two means.
Contrasts are sometimes used to compare a mixed effect. A common example can be the difference between two test scores — one at the beginning of the semester and one at its end. Note that we are not interested in one of these scores by itself, but only in the contrast (in this case — the difference). Since this is a linear combination of independent variables, its variance will match accordingly, as the sum of the variances. This "blending" of two variables into one might be useful in many cases such as
ANOVA, regression, or even as descriptive statistics in its own right.
Another example would be comparing 5 standard treatments to a new treatment, hence giving each old treatment a weight of 1/5, and the new sixth treatment a weight of −1. If this new linear combination has a mean zero, this will mean that the old treatments are not different from the new on average.
The usual results for linear combinations of
independent random variables mean that the variance of a contrast is equal to the weighted the sum of the variances.[1] If two contrasts are orthogonal, estimates created by using such contrasts will be uncorrelated. This has implications in ANOVA and regression where in certain designed experiments the design is such as to ensure that estimates for a number of different parameters will be uncorrelated.

Contrast medium used to distinguish structures or fluids within a body, often shortened to just "contrast"
A medical contrast medium is a
substance used to enhance the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging. It is commonly used to enhance the visibility of blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract.
Contents[
hide]
1 Types
1.1 X-ray attenuation
1.1.1 Iodine
1.1.2 Barium
1.2 MR signal enhancing
1.3 Ultrasonography
2 Adverse effects
2.1 Allergy Reactions
2.2 Toxicity
2.3 Drug Interactions
3 See also
4 References

Contrast ratio, a measure of a display system
The contrast ratio is a measure of a display system, defined as the ratio of the luminance of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the system is capable of producing. A high contrast ratio is a desired aspect of any display, but with the various methods of measurement for a system or its part, remarkably different measured values can sometimes produce similar results.
Contrast ratio ratings provided by different manufacturers of display devices are not necessarily comparable to each other due to differences in method of measurement, operation, and unstated variables.
[1] Manufacturers have traditionally favored measurement methods that isolate the device from the system, whereas other designers have more often taken the effect of the room into account. An ideal room would absorb all the light reflecting from a projection screen or emitted by a CRT, and the only light seen in the room would come from the display device. With such a room, the contrast ratio of the image would be the same as the device. Real rooms reflect some of the light back to the displayed image, lowering the contrast ratio seen in the image.
Moving from a system that displays a static motionless image to a system that displays a dynamic, changing picture slightly complicates the definition of the contrast ratio, because of the need to take into account the extra temporal dimension to the measuring process. Thus the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest and the darkest color the system is capable of producing simultaneously at any instant of time is called static contrast ratio, while the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest and the darkest color the system is capable of producing over time is called dynamic contrast ratio.
Contents[
hide]
1 Methods of measurement
2 Dynamic contrast ratio
3 Contrast ratio in a real room
4 Notes
5 External links

Display contrast, of electronic visual displays
Contrast in visual perception is the difference in appearance of two or more parts of a field seen simultaneously or successively (hence: brightness contrast, lightness contrast, color contrast, simultaneous contrast, successive contrast, etc.).
Contrast in
physics is a quantity intended to correlate with the perceived brightness contrast, usually defined by one of a number of formulae (see below) which involve e.g. the luminances of the stimuli considered, for example: ΔL/L near the luminance threshold (known as Weber contrast [1]), or LH/LL for much higher luminances [2].
A contrast can also be due to differences of
chromaticity specified by colorimetric characteristics (e.g. the color difference ΔE CIE 1976 UCS).
Visual
information is always contained in some kind of visual contrast, thus contrast is an essential performance feature of electronic visual displays.
The contrast of electronic visual displays depends on the electrical driving (analog or digital input signal), on the ambient illumination and on the direction of observation (i.e.
viewing direction).
In the field of electronic visual displays the following forms of contrast can be distinguished:
luminance contrast,
color contrast,
full-screen contrast (time sequential),
full-swing contrast (maximum and minimum luminance),
static contrast (optical response settled),
transient contrast (optical response not settled),
dynamic contrast (technique for improving the sequential contrast of LCD-screens by backlight modulation)
dark-room contrast (no ambient illumination),
"ambient contrast" (short for: contrast in the presence of ambient illumination),
concurrent contrast (dark and light areas presented at the same time, simultaneously),
successive contrast (contrast between visual stimuli presented in sequence).


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คำศํพท์ควรรู้(Unit 22) Low-level systems

executes = ปฎิบัติการ
examine = พิจารณา
whereas = ขณะที่
temporary = ชั่วคราว
once = บางที
fetches = รับคำสั่ง
arithmetic = ค่าเฉลี่ย
execution = การจัดการ, การปฏิบัติการ
combination = การผนึกกัน, การผสมกัน

วันจันทร์ที่ 16 กุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2552

examples screen messages(Samsung)

Samsung Electronics to Integrate Innovative Flash-Based Active Idle Screens to Provide Fun and Interactive Mobile Environment across Mobile Handsets in the Global Market Adobe Systems Incorporated (NASDAQ: ADBE) and Samsung Electronics today announced the release of Samsung’s ‘uGo’ active home screen based on Adobe Flash Lite™ 2 technology. Jointly developed by Adobe and Samsung, uGo will be integrated across Samsung’s next generation Ultra Edition mobile phones, beginning with the flagship SGH-D900. The Flash-enabled Ultra Edition 12.9 (SGH-D900) will reflect a subscriber’s physical location, time and other environments. With the ‘uGo’ active home screen, which is applied for idle screens and dialer application, the mobile phone automatically updates critical information – including country, time, and network signal – when a user is traveling. It also presents creative content when displaying event notification pop-ups, such as new messages, missed calls and schedule alarms. The idle screen features an iconic landmark that represents the country a subscriber is currently in.
For example, while in France the home screen showcases the Arch de Triumphe and while in Germany it shows the famous Neuschwanstein Castle. Similarly, the home screen features a blue sky to indicate daytime and stars to indicate nighttime. Text message notification also reflects the time of day that the message was sent – during daylight hours a text message notification appears as a jet stream, while in the evening the message alert appears as fireworks. Another dynamic element includes a cloudy sky to alert the user to a weak reception signal. “Utilizing Adobe’s Flash Lite 2, the Samsung Ultra Edition 12.9 (SGH-D900) user interface offers customers an engaging, elegant and more human experience, reflecting the mobile phone’s integral role in our connected world,” said Al Ramadan, senior vice president, Mobile and Device Solutions at Adobe. “Adobe’s ability to deliver creative and user friendly UIs is a critical differentiator for leading device makers and Samsung’s uGo showcases the new approach.” “Adobe’s mobile solutions enabled Samsung to design a user-friendly mobile phone interface that we believe will further strengthen the appeal of Samsung’s state-of-the-art mobile devices,” said Jihong Yoon, senior vice president, Mobile Design Team at Samsung Electronics. “Samsung’s new approach for user interface design will provide customers with emotional attachment through fun, interactive, and easy to use mobile phones.” ‘uGo’ is an extension of Adobe’s award winning Flash technology specifically developed for mobile phones and consumer electronics devices. Flash Lite dramatically accelerates the delivery of rich content and browsing, and customized user interfaces. Designers and developers world wide now have a new level of expressiveness, efficiency and interactivity for content creation. For more information on Flash for mobile and consumer products, visit www.adobe.com/mobile.
About Adobe Systems Incorporated Adobe revolutionizes how the world engages with ideas and information - anytime, anywhere and through any medium. For more information, visit www.adobe.com .
About Samsung Electronics Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. is a global leader in semiconductor, telecommunication, digital media and digital convergence technologies with 2005 parent company sales of US$56.7 billion and net income of US$7.5 billion. Employing approximately 128,000 people in over 90 offices in 51 countries, the company consists of five main business units: Digital Appliance Business, Digital Media Business, LCD Business, Semiconductor Business and Telecommunication Network Business. Recognized as one of the fastest growing global brands, Samsung Electronics is a leading producer of digital TVs, memory chips, mobile phones, and TFT-LCDs. For more information, please visit www.samsung.com
About Thai Samsung Electronics Thai Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. is the leader in consumer electronics, IT, and mobile phone market. In 2005, the company achieves sales of over Baht 15.8 billion with the majority of market share in Projection TV, Plasma TV, Flat screen TV, LCD monitor, computer monitor, refrigerator – both side-by-side and two-door, The company currently employ about 2,400 people for its Bangkok office, Bangkok and provincial service centers, and factory in Cholburi, which consist of three main business units: Digital Appliance Business, Digital Media Business, and Telecommunication Network Business. For more information, please visit www.samsung.com/th 2006 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved. Adobe, the Adobe logo, Macromedia and Flash are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

คำศัพท์ใหม่ (Unit 21) Languages

developed = พัฒนา
effciently = อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ
features = ความสามารถ
produce = ผลิต
adapted = ปรับตัว
different = แตกต่าง
description = คำอธิบาย
originally = โดยดั้งเดิม
operating = การกระทำ
perfrom = ปฎิบัติ
respond = ตอบสนอง
provide = จัดเตรียม
environment = สิ่งแวดล้อม
chosen = เลือก
dropped= ว่าง
predefined = การกกำหนดก่อน
dragged= ลาก
general = แนบ
required =ต้องการ
similar = ชั่งคล้าย