ESL BLUE(s)
must (not), (don't) have to
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1.You ___ respect the rules when you walk your dog in this park.
a) must
b) must not
c) have to
d) don't have to
Answer a or c
2.Before you enter the park, you ___ attach a leash to your dog's neck.
a) must
b) must not
c) have to
d) don't have to
Answer a or c
3.You ___ enter the park until your dog is on a leash.
a) must
b) must not
c) have to
d) don't have to
Answer b
4.You ___ allow your dog to run free.
a) must
b) must not
c) have to
d) don't have to
Answer b
5.You ___ pick up your dog's poop (waste).
a) must
b) must not
c) have to
d) don't have to
Answer a or c
6.You ___ take it away with you. You can throw it in one of the garbage cans you find in the park.
a) must
b) must not
c) have to
d) don't have to
Answer d
7.If your dog is running free and the police stop you, you will probably ___ pay a fine.
a) must
b) must not
c) have to
d) don't have to
Answer c
8.Of course, you ___ walk your dog in the park. You can always go somewhere else. There are many places where you can walk a dog.
a) must
b) must not
c) have to
d) don't have to
Answer d
9.You can, for example, walk your dog in the fields or on the beach, but even there you may ___ use a dog leash.
a) must
b) must not
c) have to
d) don't have to
Answer c
10.Many people have had bad experiences with dogs and are afraid of them. You ___ forget that fact when you walk your dog in public.
a) must
b) must not
c) have to
d) don't have to
Answer b
In the affirmative have to / must both express the idea of obligation.(It is necessary that you do something.) However, must is only used in the present, and is never used after 'will' or 'may.'
I must / have to get up early because I start work at 8 a.m.
I will must / have to leave work early if the snowstorm continues.
In the negative only the verb have to (do/does not have to) expresses the idea of obligation:(It is not necessary that you do something.)
You don't have to pay for children. They can come in for free.
In the negative must (must not / mustn't) is similar to an imperative: Do not do something:
You mustn't smoke in the corridors. (= Don't smoke in the corridors.)
*ถ้าเป็นอดีต ใช้ has to
*ถ้าปัจจุบัน ใช้ have to
วันพุธที่ 17 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2551
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I like because study at this phanakhon University .
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I like because it have many friends in this website.
3. website at http://www.music.com/home
I like this website because it can a singsong.
4. website at http://www.google.co.th/
I like this website because it can search for everthing.
วันจันทร์ที่ 15 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2551
Problem(คำถาม) and Solution(วิธีแก้ปัญหา)
75 Problem Solution Speech Topics
Problem solution speech topics, 75 ideas and guidelines to help you selecting, defining and organizing your public speaking speech topics. Persuade your audience that there is a problem and that you have the solution. Convince them to agree with your solution and motivate them to change their opinions, policies or regulations. Before you choose one of the problem solution topics in my list of examples you have to know the elements you have to develop. These four elements for problem solutions speech topics are extracted from the very famous Monroe's Motivational Sequence for persuasive speeches:
1. Problem - State the problem or that some conditions are not quite optimal, and why it's important. Let them realize the scope and effects. Appeal to reason and to the needs and emotions of the audience to persuade them.
2. Solution - Advocate a solution for the problem and causes, or a plan to satisfact the needs.
3. Visualization - Visualize the practicality of your solution. Show how the solutions will improve the situation, show their effectiveness and practicality. Prove that the alternatives are impractical and cause more problems in order to overrule the objections against your solution.
List Of 75+ Problem Solution Speech Topics
Now let's have a look at the list of 75+ problem solution speech topics below. Read the list of speech topics carefully and brainstorm a bit about possible causes, problems, effects and solutions. These questions may help you to brainstorm and develop a short list of possible problem solution speech topics:
-What do you like to talk about?
-How long will your talk last?
-What are your personal concerns and convictions?
-Which of the speech topics are you interested in or you do know something about?
-What are global, national, state, community or school related problems, issues or controversies, and causes, effects and solutions related to the text to speech?
-Is there a connection between some problem solution speech topics and any of your personal experiences, expertises or personal goals?
Be inspired, use your fantasy and come up with new problem solution speech topics.
BUSINESS - Abusive Marketing, Bankruptcy, Corporate Whistleblowing, Foreign Import Concurrency, Job Opportunities, Unemployment, Subversive Advertising, Thwarted Career Goals, Unjustifiably Large Incomes, Work Environment
List all the various potential solutions and alternatives. Imagine the features, aspects and merits that might persuade the audience by researching illustrations, facts, figures, expert testimonies and examples. Do it step by step, in each problem solution speech topic:
-Select your best possible solution for the problem.
Demonstrate the workability of your plan by citing experts and refering to a successful implementation elsewhere in your problem solution speech topics.
-Recommendate procedures for implementing the solution.
-What are the effects, costs and required actions?
-Who should take action, and when and where?
-What else is necessary?
NOTES: If the audience is devided, not sure or unaware of the problem, then pay more attention to the urgency and the needs of your audience. If they know the problem exist, then pay more attention in your problem solution speech topics to the reasonablity and workability of your plan. In case you want to oppose to a change in policy, because another solution causes problems, then emphazise the limitations and the dislikes.
These are the most used methods of developing and outlining problem solution speech topics:
* Problem Solution Method
The Purpose And Central Idea Of Problem Solution Speech Topics
Summarize the bottomline of your persuasive public speaking speech in one powerful and clear sentence: that will be your problem solution speech topic statement. In that statement you have to bring together the problem and the solution.
Problem solution speech topics, 75 ideas and guidelines to help you selecting, defining and organizing your public speaking speech topics. Persuade your audience that there is a problem and that you have the solution. Convince them to agree with your solution and motivate them to change their opinions, policies or regulations. Before you choose one of the problem solution topics in my list of examples you have to know the elements you have to develop. These four elements for problem solutions speech topics are extracted from the very famous Monroe's Motivational Sequence for persuasive speeches:
1. Problem - State the problem or that some conditions are not quite optimal, and why it's important. Let them realize the scope and effects. Appeal to reason and to the needs and emotions of the audience to persuade them.
2. Solution - Advocate a solution for the problem and causes, or a plan to satisfact the needs.
3. Visualization - Visualize the practicality of your solution. Show how the solutions will improve the situation, show their effectiveness and practicality. Prove that the alternatives are impractical and cause more problems in order to overrule the objections against your solution.
4. Action - Convince them to agree, to change an existing policy or attitude, or move them to action in the way you propose in your problem solution speech topics.
How to Select Your Problem Solution Speech Topics
If you are invited as public speaker because of your personal knowlegde or experience, then find out what the problems, interests and needs of your audience are. Problem solution speech topics deal with questions, opinions or controversies of change or policy. However, there are public speaking situations in which you can answer questions of facts and values. For example if you are a keynote speaker:
-Are you the only keynote speaker or one of many?
-If you are not the only one: do you have to argue with another speaker about your solution?
-Has your audience heard you before?
- What is their impression of you or your organization?
-If you are developing a problem solution speech for educational purposes:
-What exactly are the rules of the assigment?
-How long will your talk last?
-Are you the only keynote speaker or one of many?
-If you are not the only one: do you have to argue with another speaker about your solution?
-Has your audience heard you before?
- What is their impression of you or your organization?
-If you are developing a problem solution speech for educational purposes:
-What exactly are the rules of the assigment?
-How long will your talk last?
List Of 75+ Problem Solution Speech Topics
Now let's have a look at the list of 75+ problem solution speech topics below. Read the list of speech topics carefully and brainstorm a bit about possible causes, problems, effects and solutions. These questions may help you to brainstorm and develop a short list of possible problem solution speech topics:
-What do you like to talk about?
-How long will your talk last?
-What are your personal concerns and convictions?
-Which of the speech topics are you interested in or you do know something about?
-What are global, national, state, community or school related problems, issues or controversies, and causes, effects and solutions related to the text to speech?
-Is there a connection between some problem solution speech topics and any of your personal experiences, expertises or personal goals?
Be inspired, use your fantasy and come up with new problem solution speech topics.
LIST OF SPEECH TOPICS:
EDUCATION - Academic Pressure, Cheating, Dropouts, Competency Tests, Lack Of Educational Opportunities, Parent Education, Sexeducation In Schools
ENVIRONMENT PROBLEM SOLUTION SPEECH TOPICS - Acid Rain, Alternate Energy Sources, Climate Change
FOOD AND HEALTH - Abuse Of Patent Medicines, Dangers Of Food Additives, Dental Health, Depression, Fat In Low Price Food Products, Food Labeling, Health Care, Integration Of The Disabled, Problems Of The Mentally Ill, Survey Of Diets, Testtube Babies, Vegetarianism
GLOBAL AND POLITICS - Food Shortages, International Threats, Overpopulation, Subsidizing Farms, US And UN Relationship
LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL - Crime And Punishment, Drunk Driving Accidents, Effects Of Prejudice, Gun Control, Hate Crimes, Illegal Immigration, Safety And Security, Taxing Of Church Property
SOCIAL PROBLEM SOLUTION SPEECH TOPICS - Airbags, Cigarette Advertising, Decreasing Car Accidents, Discrimination, Domestic Violence, Family Breakdowns, Forced Retirement, Gambling, Hobbies, Home, Internet Spam, Interpersonal Relationships, Loneliness, Minimum Wage Level, Peer Pressure, Reducing Neglect, Runaways, Self Esteem, Social Security, Teenage Runaways, Problems Of The Elderly, Problems Of The Family, Problems Of The Homeless, Problems Of The Hungry, Tobacco Use, Underage Drinking, Voting System
Problem Solution Speech Topics: What Is The Problem?
By now, you have a short list of candidate problem solution speech topics. Let's move forward and develop them further. Examine the dimensions of the problems or potential problems. Use this easy information checklist:
-What has been done till now or why not?
-How could the problems or obstacles be defined or described?
-What are the duration and costs?
-Will it become worse if nothing will be done?
-Is immediate action required?
If your listeners understand there's a need or problem, they are more willing to accept the solutions and recommendations in your problem solution speech topics. For instance think about the social, physical, health, happiness, security, concerns, value and needs in the audiences' community. Examine and make a speech preparation outline with the dimensions of the problems or potential problems in your problem solution speech topics.
-Have your audience or other people been affected by the problem and in what way?
-What could be your evidence, which facts and figures can prove the proper dimensions for them and that you're right?
-What information can help them to understand the problem?
-What has been done till now or why not?
-How could the problems or obstacles be defined or described?
-What are the duration and costs?
-Will it become worse if nothing will be done?
-Is immediate action required?
If your listeners understand there's a need or problem, they are more willing to accept the solutions and recommendations in your problem solution speech topics. For instance think about the social, physical, health, happiness, security, concerns, value and needs in the audiences' community. Examine and make a speech preparation outline with the dimensions of the problems or potential problems in your problem solution speech topics.
-Have your audience or other people been affected by the problem and in what way?
-What could be your evidence, which facts and figures can prove the proper dimensions for them and that you're right?
-What information can help them to understand the problem?
What Is The Solution?
-Select your best possible solution for the problem.
Demonstrate the workability of your plan by citing experts and refering to a successful implementation elsewhere in your problem solution speech topics.
-Recommendate procedures for implementing the solution.
-What are the effects, costs and required actions?
-Who should take action, and when and where?
-What else is necessary?
NOTES: If the audience is devided, not sure or unaware of the problem, then pay more attention to the urgency and the needs of your audience. If they know the problem exist, then pay more attention in your problem solution speech topics to the reasonablity and workability of your plan. In case you want to oppose to a change in policy, because another solution causes problems, then emphazise the limitations and the dislikes.
How to Outline Your Problem And Solution Speech Topics
* Problem Solution Method
Recommended if you have to argue that there is a social and current problem and you have convince the listeners that you have the best solution. Introduce and provide background information to show the problem. List the best and ideal conditions and situations. Show the options. Analize the proper criteria. And present your plan to solve the problem.
*Problem Cause Solution Method
*Problem Cause Solution Method
Use this pattern for developing problem cause solution speech topics. Identify the problem and its causes. Analyze the causes and propose solutions to the causes.
* Problem Cause Effect Method
* Problem Cause Effect Method
Use this method to outline the effects of a problem cause speech topic. Prove the connection between financial, political, social causes and their effects.
*Comparative Advantage MethodUse
*Comparative Advantage MethodUse
this organizational pattern for so-called compare contrast problem solution speech topics. Recommended in case everyone knows of the problem and the different solutions and agrees that something has to be done. Compare the features and the differences of possible solutions and procedures. And explain why your solution is the most preferable one.
The Purpose And Central Idea Of Problem Solution Speech Topics
Summarize the bottomline of your persuasive public speaking speech in one powerful and clear sentence: that will be your problem solution speech topic statement. In that statement you have to bring together the problem and the solution.
Examples of a statements for problem solution speech topics:Severe Safety Rules Can Stop Decreasing Car AccidentsSexeducation In Schools Will Prevent Teenage PregnancyA Better Railroadpassenger Service Will Attract More Clients
By now you have studied the main ideas for writing a public speaking speech on problem solution speech topics.
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คำศัพท์ใช้บ่อย
burn down = ไหม้หมด
give up = ยอมแพ้
come across = มาพบ
keep up with = ตามติด
come up = ขึ้นมา
pick up = เ อามา
divide up = แบ่ง
put out = ทำให้หมดไป
find out = ค้นพบ
take up = ใช้เวลา
give up = ยอมแพ้
come across = มาพบ
keep up with = ตามติด
come up = ขึ้นมา
pick up = เ อามา
divide up = แบ่ง
put out = ทำให้หมดไป
find out = ค้นพบ
take up = ใช้เวลา
Present simple
Present simple
โครงสร้าง : Subject + Verb 1 (s, es)
หลักการใช้ 1) ใช้กับเหตุการณ์ที่กระทำซ้ำๆ เป็นประเพณีและเป็นนิสัย (Repeated actions , customs and habits)
- He visits his family every weekend. (repeated action)
- Ethiopians celebrate Christmas on 7 January. (custom)
- He goes to be at nine o'clock every night. (habit)
2) ใช้กับเหตุการณ์ที่เป็นจริงเสมอ (universal truth)
- The earth goes round the sun.
- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
- The sun shines by day ; the moon shines by night.
3) ใช้กับความสามารถ (ability)
- He plays the guitar very well.
- That man speaks English as well as he speaks his own language.
4) ใช้แทน Future หลังคำ if , unless, in case ในขณะที่ประโยคเงื่อนไข และคำ when , until, as soon as, before , after
- If the weather is fine tomorrow , we shall have a picnic.
- We shall go out when the rain stops.
- We can't begin playing as soon as the whistle blows.
- I shall eat before he arrives.
5) คำกริยาบางคน เราจะไม่ใช้รูป present continuous tense แม้ว่าเหตุการณ์นั้นจะกำลังเกิดขึ้นหรือกำลังดำเนินอยู่ในปัจจุบันก็ตาม เช่น verb to be --- I am late now. กริยาเหล่านี้แบ่งออกเป็น 6 ชนิดคือ
5.1 กริยาที่บ่งภาวะที่บังคับไม่ได้ (verb for states over which we have no control)
ได้แก่ กริยา see , hear , feel , taste , smell เช่น
- I see that it is raining again.
- I hear someone knocking at the door.
- This towel feels very soft.
- This soup tastes good.
- His breath smells bad.
5.2 กริยาที่แสดงความนึกคิด (verb for ideas) เช่น know (รู้) , understand (เข้าใจ) , think(คิด), believe (เชื่อ) , disbelieve (ไม่เชื่อ) , suppose (สมมุติ) , doubt (สงสัย) , agree (เห็นด้วย), disagree (ไม่เห็นด้วย) , realize (ตระหนัก) , consider (พิจารณา) ,notice (สังเกต) , recognize (จำได้) , forget (ลืม) , remember (จำ) , recall (ระลึกได้) เช่น
- He now knows as much about the lesson as you do.
- I believe what he is saying is true.
- We agree to his suggestion.
- The teacher considers him as an industrial srtudent.
- I dony recall where I met him. etc.
5.3 กริยาที่แสดงความชอบและความไม่ชอบ (Verbs for liking and disliking) เช่น like (ชอบ) , dislike (ไม่ชอบ) , love (รัก) , hate (เกลียด) , detest (ชิงชัง) , prefer (ชอบ) , forgive (ยกโทษ) , trust (ไว้ใจ) , distrust (ไม่ไว้ใจ)เช่น
- I like the movie I saw yesterday.
- She detests people who are unkind to animals.
- We prefer to go out without him.
- I distrust this young lady. etc.
5.4 กริยาที่แสดงความปรารถนา (verbs for wishing) เช่น wish (ปรารถนา) , want (ต้องการ) , desire (ปรารถนา) เช่น
- He wishes to leave as early as possible.
- She wants to go to Italy.
- We all desire happiness and health.
5.5 กริยาที่แสดงความเป็นเจ้าของ (Verbs of possession) เช่น possess (เป็นเจ้าของ) , have (มี) , own (เป็นเจ้าของ) , belong to (เป็นของ) เช่น
- He possesses two new cars.
- She has more money than she needs.
- I own several actres of land.
- This bicycle belongs to my brother.
5.6 กริยาเฉพาะบางคำ (Certain other verbs) เช่น be (เป็น อยู่ คือ) , appear (ปรากฎ) , seem (ดูเหมือน) , mean (หมายความ please (พอใจ) , displease (ไม่พอใจ) , differ (แตกต่าง) , depend (ขึ้นอยู่กับ , พึ่งพา) , resemble (ดูเหมือน) ,deserve(สมควรได้รับ) , refuse (ปฏิเสธ) , result (ส่งผลให้) , suffice (พอเพียง) , consist of (ประกอบด้วย) , contain (ประกอบด้วย) , hold (บรรจุ) , fit (เหมาะสม คู่ควร) , suit (เหมาะสม) เช่น
- She is very selfish.
- He resembles his father.
- She refuses to marry him.
- New Zealand consists of two islands.
- The pink dress she is wearing suits her. ......etc...
6. ใช้กับ adverbs of time ดังต่อไปนี้
often (บ่อยๆ) , always (เสมอๆ) , sometimes (บางครั้ง) , usually (โดยปกติ) , generally (โดยปกติ), normally (โดยปกติ) , frequently (บ่อยๆ) , rarely (แทบจะไม่เคย นานๆ ครั้ง) , seldom (แทบจะไม่เคยนานๆครั้ง) , scarcely (แทบจะไม่เคย นานๆ ครั้ง) , hardly (แทบจะไม่เคย) , never (ไม่เคย) , in general (โดยปกติ) , now and again (บางครั้งบางคราว) , from time to time (บางครั้งบางคราว) occasionally (บางโอกาส) , as a rule (ตามกฎ) , once a week (สัปดาห์ละครั้ง) , once a mont(เดือนละครั้ง) , twice a week (สองครั้งต่อสัปดาห์) , three times a week (สามครั้งต่อสัปดาห์) , every day (ทุกวัน) , every other day (วันเว้นวัน) , every (night / month, week/year/Thursday) เช่น
- He is never late for school.
- He always studies grammar in the morning.
- She visits her parents every month.
( รูปประโยคของ Present Simple คือ กริยาในช่องที่หนึ่ง ถ้าประธานเป็นเอกพจน์กริยาต้องเติม s, หรือ es ถ้าประธานเป็นพหูพจน์ และ I กริยา ไม่ต้องเติม s )
Present Continuous
Present Continuous Tense
โครงสร้าง: Subject + is, am, are + Verb -ing + ( Object )
โครงสร้าง: Subject + is, am, are + Verb -ing + ( Object )
หลักการใช้
1. เมื่อการกระทำดำเนินอยู่ในปัจจุบัน(ขณะพูด)และต่อเนื่องมาถึงบัดนั้น และจบในอนาคต เช่น
-My uncle is listening to the radio.(ลุงของผมกำลังฟังวิทย)ุ
-What is he doing? (เขากำลังทำอะไรเหรอ?)
2. การกระทำที่เกิดขึ้น ต้องเกิดขึ้นขณะนั้นจริง เช่น
-More and more people are using Internet. (ผู้คนเริ่มเล่นอินเทอร์เน็ตมากขึ้นทุกที)
-Accidents are happening more and more frequently. (อุบัติเหตุเกิดขึ้นมากและบ่อยขึ้น)
-More and more people are using Internet. (ผู้คนเริ่มเล่นอินเทอร์เน็ตมากขึ้นทุกที)
-Accidents are happening more and more frequently. (อุบัติเหตุเกิดขึ้นมากและบ่อยขึ้น)
3. แสดงเหตุการณ์ในอนาคต เกิดขึ้นแน่นอน เช่น
-We are planning to go to the beach next week. (พวกเราวางแผนจะไปเที่ยวทะเลอาทิตย์หน้า)
-She is going abroad next Tuesday. (หล่อนจะไปต่างประเทศวันอังคารหน้า)
-We are planning to go to the beach next week. (พวกเราวางแผนจะไปเที่ยวทะเลอาทิตย์หน้า)
-She is going abroad next Tuesday. (หล่อนจะไปต่างประเทศวันอังคารหน้า)
4. ถ้าประโยคเชื่อมด้วย and ( 2 ประโยค) ให้ตัด Verb to be ที่อยู่หลัง and ออก เช่น
-My father is smoking a cigarette and watching television. (คุณพ่อของฉันกำลังสูบบุหรี่และดูโทรทัศน)์
*กริยาที่นำมาใช้ใน Tense นี้ไม่ได้!!!*
1. กริยาที่เกี่ยวกับประสาทสัมผัสทั้งห้า เช่น
I see the beautiful mountain.(ฉันดูภูเขาอันงดงาม) ไม่ใช้ I am seeing the beautiful mountain.
2. กริยาที่แสดงถึงภาวะของจิต, แสดงความรู้สึก, ความผูกพัน ไม่นิยมนำมาใช้ เช่น
I know him very well (ผมรู้จักเขาดี) อย่าใช้ : I am knowing him very well.
He believes that taxes are too high.(เขาเชื่อว่าภาษีแพงเกินไป) อย่าใช้ : He is believing that taxes are too high.
-My father is smoking a cigarette and watching television. (คุณพ่อของฉันกำลังสูบบุหรี่และดูโทรทัศน)์
*กริยาที่นำมาใช้ใน Tense นี้ไม่ได้!!!*
1. กริยาที่เกี่ยวกับประสาทสัมผัสทั้งห้า เช่น
I see the beautiful mountain.(ฉันดูภูเขาอันงดงาม) ไม่ใช้ I am seeing the beautiful mountain.
2. กริยาที่แสดงถึงภาวะของจิต, แสดงความรู้สึก, ความผูกพัน ไม่นิยมนำมาใช้ เช่น
I know him very well (ผมรู้จักเขาดี) อย่าใช้ : I am knowing him very well.
He believes that taxes are too high.(เขาเชื่อว่าภาษีแพงเกินไป) อย่าใช้ : He is believing that taxes are too high.
หลักการเติม -ing
1). กริยาที่ลงท้ายด้วย E ให้ตัด E ทิ้ง แล้วเติม -ing
2). กริยาที่ลงท้ายด้วย EE ให้เติม -ing ได้เลย
3). กริยาที่ลงท้ายด้วย IE ให้เปลี่ยนเป็น Y ก่อน แล้วเติม -ing
4). กริยาที่มีสระตัวเดียว ตัวสะกดตัวเดียว พยางค์เดียว เพิ่มตัวสะกดอีกตัวหนึ่ง แล้วเติม -ing
5). กริยาที่มี 2 พยางค์ออกเสียงหนักที่พยางค์หลัง มีสระและตัวสะกดตัวเดียว เพิ่มตัวสะกด แล้วเติม -ing
6). กริยา 2 พยางค์ต่อไปนี้ เพิ่มตัวสะกดเข้ามาแล้วเติม -ing หรือไม่ก็ได้
1). กริยาที่ลงท้ายด้วย E ให้ตัด E ทิ้ง แล้วเติม -ing
2). กริยาที่ลงท้ายด้วย EE ให้เติม -ing ได้เลย
3). กริยาที่ลงท้ายด้วย IE ให้เปลี่ยนเป็น Y ก่อน แล้วเติม -ing
4). กริยาที่มีสระตัวเดียว ตัวสะกดตัวเดียว พยางค์เดียว เพิ่มตัวสะกดอีกตัวหนึ่ง แล้วเติม -ing
5). กริยาที่มี 2 พยางค์ออกเสียงหนักที่พยางค์หลัง มีสระและตัวสะกดตัวเดียว เพิ่มตัวสะกด แล้วเติม -ing
6). กริยา 2 พยางค์ต่อไปนี้ เพิ่มตัวสะกดเข้ามาแล้วเติม -ing หรือไม่ก็ได้
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Passive Voice
Passive Voice
Patient + V. to be + V. 3 (+ by agent)
Active sentence
The dog bit John
ประธาน (agent) กริยา (Verb) กรรม (patient)
Passive sentence
John was bitten by the dog.
ประธาน (patient) กริยา (Verb to Be + V.3) ผู้ถูกกระทำ(agent)
วิธีการเปลี่ยนรูปประโยค active เป็น passive voice
The dog bit John
ประธาน (agent) กริยา (Verb) กรรม (patient)
Passive sentence
John was bitten by the dog.
ประธาน (patient) กริยา (Verb to Be + V.3) ผู้ถูกกระทำ(agent)
วิธีการเปลี่ยนรูปประโยค active เป็น passive voice
1. หาประธาน กริยา และกรรมของแต่ละประโยค
ถ้าในประโยคนั้นไม่มีกรรม หรือคำกริยาเป็นกริยาชนิดที่ไม่ต้องการกรรม จะเปลี่ยนเป็น passive voice ไม่ได้ เช่น
Active: The postman brings letters.
Passive: Letters are bought by the policeman.
ถ้าในประโยคนั้นไม่มีกรรม หรือคำกริยาเป็นกริยาชนิดที่ไม่ต้องการกรรม จะเปลี่ยนเป็น passive voice ไม่ได้ เช่น
Active: The postman brings letters.
Passive: Letters are bought by the policeman.
2. สลับที่กันระหว่างประธาน (agent) และกรรม (patient) ของประโยค active และ passive
- ประธานของประโยค active (agent) ให้ย้ายที่ไปไว้ท้ายประโยค passive โดยวางไว้หลัง by (by + agent)
- กรรมของประโยค active จะกลายเป็นประธานอยู่หน้าประโยค passive
หมายเหตุ: ถ้า agent เป็นสรรพนาม (pronoun) ให้ใช้สรรพนามรูปกรรม (me, you, them, us, him, her, it) ในบางประโยค by + agent อาจละไว้ได้ ถ้าไม่จำเป็นต่อความหมายของประโยค เช่น
This bridge was built several years ago.
- ประธานของประโยค active (agent) ให้ย้ายที่ไปไว้ท้ายประโยค passive โดยวางไว้หลัง by (by + agent)
- กรรมของประโยค active จะกลายเป็นประธานอยู่หน้าประโยค passive
หมายเหตุ: ถ้า agent เป็นสรรพนาม (pronoun) ให้ใช้สรรพนามรูปกรรม (me, you, them, us, him, her, it) ในบางประโยค by + agent อาจละไว้ได้ ถ้าไม่จำเป็นต่อความหมายของประโยค เช่น
This bridge was built several years ago.
3. คำกริยาในประโยค active ให้เปลี่ยนเป็น passive โดย
- เติม verb to be ไว้ข้างหน้าคำกริยา และผัน verb to be นั้นตาม tense ของประโยคเดิม และผันตามประธานที่อยู่ข้างหน้า
- เปลี่ยนคำกริยาหลักในประโยคเดิมให้อยู่ในรูปกริยาช่องที่ 3 (past participle)
- เติม verb to be ไว้ข้างหน้าคำกริยา และผัน verb to be นั้นตาม tense ของประโยคเดิม และผันตามประธานที่อยู่ข้างหน้า
- เปลี่ยนคำกริยาหลักในประโยคเดิมให้อยู่ในรูปกริยาช่องที่ 3 (past participle)
4. สำหรับประโยคที่มีกรรม 2 ตัว (direct and indirect objects) ประโยค passive สามารถเขียนได้ 2 แบบ เช่นเดียวกับประโยค active เช่น
Active: Sam gave me a present.
Sam gave a present to me.
Present: I was given a present by Sam.
A present was given to me by Sam.
Active: Sam gave me a present.
Sam gave a present to me.
Present: I was given a present by Sam.
A present was given to me by Sam.
5. ในกรณีที่ประธานในประโยค active เป็น they, people, someone, etc.
Active Present
They clean the streets every day. The streets are cleaned every day.
Someone took my purse. My purse was taken.
People use the footpath all the time. The footpath is used all the time.
Summary of Verb Tenses
Tenses Active Passive
Present Simple: We bake the bread here. The bread is baked here.
Present Continuous: We are baking the bread. The bread is being baked.
Present Perfect: We have baked the bread. The bread has been baked.
Past Simple: We baked the bread yesterday. The bread was baked yesterday.
Past Continuous: We were baking the bread. The bread was being baked.
Past Perfect: We had baked the bread. The bread had been baked.
The future and modal verbs in the passive
Tenses Active Passive
Future: We will bake the bread next. The bread will be baked next.
We are going to bake the bread. The bread is going to be baked.
Modal Verb: We should bake the bread soon. The bread should be baked.
We ought to bake the bread. The bread ought to be baked.
They clean the streets every day. The streets are cleaned every day.
Someone took my purse. My purse was taken.
People use the footpath all the time. The footpath is used all the time.
Summary of Verb Tenses
Tenses Active Passive
Present Simple: We bake the bread here. The bread is baked here.
Present Continuous: We are baking the bread. The bread is being baked.
Present Perfect: We have baked the bread. The bread has been baked.
Past Simple: We baked the bread yesterday. The bread was baked yesterday.
Past Continuous: We were baking the bread. The bread was being baked.
Past Perfect: We had baked the bread. The bread had been baked.
The future and modal verbs in the passive
Tenses Active Passive
Future: We will bake the bread next. The bread will be baked next.
We are going to bake the bread. The bread is going to be baked.
Modal Verb: We should bake the bread soon. The bread should be baked.
We ought to bake the bread. The bread ought to be baked.
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